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Biblioteko  Hippolyte  Sebert

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THE
LUGAGNE INTERNATIONAL CODE

PREFACE

An important staff, specially selected for the purpose, has been engaged for a period of some years in the compilation of this work, involving an amount of labour of which it is difficult to give an adequate idea.

It is therefore satisfying to believe that everything materially possible has been done to render this Code worthy of the services which we trust it will be called upon to perform in the cable correspondence of the world.

With the LUGAGNE INTERNATIONAL CODE, we can telegraph, as one would speak, through the medium of seven languages : ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, ITALIAN, SPANISH, PORTUGUESE & ESPERANTO, whilst, the sender of the message need have no knowledge of any language but his own, as the Code words translate themselves automatically into the language of the receiver, or of any other at his option.

This work therefore, enables any one to make himself understood throughout the world.

The LUGAGNE INTERNATIONAL CODE liberates the sender of cable messages from the serious restriction of being obliged to express himself in ready-made phrases upon which works of this character have hitherto been based. It permits the compilation simply, directly & without research, in his own words, of the exact message the sender desires to transmit. Hence the saving of time and the gain in precision obtained, is one of its greatest advantages.

The LUGAGNE INTERNATIONAL CODE is the exact interpretation in Code language of the verbal enunciation :

The artificial word of nine letters thus formed is completed by the addition of a tenth letter which enables the receiver of a message to verify its correctness and to rectify mechanically any error in transmission.

All the indications (words, verbs, locutions, dates, quantities, products, proper names, etc.) can be assembled at the will of the sender, so that in many cases, two entire phrases can be conveyed by a single code word.

This combination has already been fully tried in the CODE ENCYCLOPÉDIQUE G. L. compiled in French only, and it was the success obtained by that work that led to the compilation of the LUGAGNE INTERNATIONAL CODE.

The improvements therefore suggested by preceeding works of this character and also the compilers’ own experience have enabled a degree of perfection, not otherwise attainable, to be reached.

Each group of three letters constituting an expression, and each expression being translated in the same line into English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Esperanto, the artificial words of this Code may be said to form a veritable international language.

The alphabetical arrangement of the words constitutes the LUGAGNE INTERNATIONAL CODE a complete and reliable commercial dictionary.

The composition and translation of the technical words and commercial locutions have been undertaken in collaboration with commercial men, ship-brokers, manufacturers, financiers, engineers ; of distinguished professors of languages and specialists in code science.

The General Codes hitherto used give a maximum of 100.000 phrases. The number of phrases obtainable by the grouping of the words in the LUGAGNE INTERNATIONAL CODE is, however, practically innumerable.

In addition to the essential advantages of the LUGAGNE INTERNATIONAL CODE, the volume contains :

1°  A Code in blank, permitting users to telegraph their current wants with the maximum of economy ;

2°  Informations concerning telegraphic correspondence ;

3°  An equivalent table of the principal monetary systems ;

4°  Tables unifying the weights and measures most in use.

These latter advantages have been added to the LUGAGNE INTERNATIONAL CODE in the hope that it may become a veritable international link in the commercial correspondence of the world, as well as being a commercial encyclopædic dictionary, and such as it is here described, it is offered to the public interested, with confidence that it will realise the hopes formed of it and satisfy the needs which rendered its compilation necessary.

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Every possible care has been taken in the editing and printing of this work. But we hope that should anybody notice an error, they will be kind enough to point it out to us at once.

METHOD OF USING

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1° Coding Telegrams

Write out the text to be telegraphed in the most concise manner, as if it were to be transmitted without the aid of a Code (1).

(1) Senders need have no anxiety as to whether their correspondents know the language used in the making up the telegram when sent. The Codes gives automatically the translation in the language of the receiver.

Thus the phrase :

« In case you cannot come to terms, ask for the sale by auction of the damaged maize. »

can be condensed as follows, without altering the sense :

« In case of disagreement, ask sale by auction, damaged maize. »

PART D (pages 8 to 94) will give each of the words or terms constituting the sentence to be transmitted, in their alphabetical order :

Opposite each word or term write the groups and the numerals (two figures) representing them :

Arrange these groups, so as to constitute code words of nine letters and total up their values.

A tenth letter (the check) which will be found in PART D (Page 7), must be added after each of these words.

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2° Decoding Telegrams

Split each of the code words received into groups of three letters beginning at the left :

duihmehfal   {   dui / hme / hfa / l

yamcavnoby   {   yam / cav / nob / y

See PART A (pages 8 to 213) where these groups are classed in alphabetical order.

Take their signification from the column of the language required.

Arrange groups as above with their respective translations and values, and total up these values.

Then refer to PART D (Page 7), of the Check Table to verify the telegram transmitted.

3° Important Notice

Blanks. — Our Code is intended to serve an infinite number of differents branches in the commercial world, therefore it has been impossible to include all the articles employed in every business.

For this reason a margin of five groups has been reserved in blank at the end of each initial letter to enable additions to be made.

Words in parentheses. — The parentheses which will be found in the Code indicate that the use of the words which are enclosed is optional, and depends upon the sense of the sentence or its grammatical construction.

Examples :  (in) balast ;  (they) are buying

Verbs. — We have fully conjugated the Auxiliary Verbs and others in most general use, in their principal tenses only.

The remaining verbs are only given in the Infinitive and Past Participle, placed opposite the same group of three letters.

In the majority of cases these two parts of the verb are sufficient, and the sense of the phrase indicates whether the Infinitive or the Past Participle is to be used.

Examples :  business (to settle, settled)
can you (to settle, settled) business ?

Above all, the Table Conjugation of verbs, PART D (Pages 95 to 98), enables users of the Code to indicate, by the addition of a goup of three letters, whatever form, mood, tense and person is to be employed with any non-conjugated or partly conjugated verb in the Code.

Composition of Code Words. — When a code word, constructed as explained above, seems to present some difficulty of pronunciation, it can be rendered easily pronounceable by :

1° Changing if possible the order of the groups which constitute the word ;

2° Replacing one of these groups by another having a similar signification, or by,

3° Inserting the group oue 11 which has been reserved for this purpose.

This group is always to be used when, for any reason, no other method is employed.

Attention is called to the fact that in cases where the number of groups to be transmitted, is not dividable by three and the last word is consequently composed of only one or two groups of three letters, the insertion of the group oue (even if twice repeated) does not increase the cost of transmission of the message.

Words having a different signification placed opposite the same group. — This arises from the fact that a word which corresponds to the same group has two or more meanings in another language.

No uneasiness need be felt on this account, for the sens of the sentence will indicate to the correspondent which of the two words is intended.

On the other hand where the meaning of a word is open to misinterpretation, when translated into another language, an explanation has been printed in small type in parentheses to show unmistakably the precise meaning.

ENGLISH EXAMPLES

TABLE OF PRINCIPAL FORMS OF VERBS

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By means of this table those verbs of which all the forms are not given in the Code may be completed.

It will be seen that any statement may be expressed so as to give the exact shade of meaning desired, in a clear and definite manner.

The tabulated examples enable the users :

1° To give precise orders ;

2° To make all statements relating to the past, the present and the future ;

3° To transform these statements to the negative or the interrogative.

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METHOD OF USING

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Take from the following table the Code group corresponding to the form wanted and join it to the group representing the verb selected, as shown in the following table.

Very important Notice.

1° The verbs placed opposite the indications of the Table must never be used with the preposition " To " indicated with them in the Vocabulary.

For instance :  yufaod  = You will charter, and not you will to charter.

2° Opposite certain forms in this table we have placed the following indication (....ed) as being the regular ending ; in the case of irregular verbs the ending must be read in accordance to the particular verb.

For instance : We have bought, etc.

CHECK-LETTER

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By this check-letter, a telegram may be sent with the absolute certitude that the code words employed cannot be mutilated in the course of transmission, without being detected by the receiver. In addition to this advantage, the receiver is enabled to rectify automatically errors of transmission, without awaiting repetitions which cause a loss of time, often prejudicial to the business in hand and encumbering the telegraphic fines and cables to the detriment of the whole service.

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METHOD OF USING

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1° For Coding

The totals of the 3 groups which constitute each of the code words having been added up from the following table, the letter corresponding to the total is joined to the Code word ; thus :

70 corresponds in the Table to the Letter l.

The word to be transmitted will be : duihmehfal

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2° For Decoding

The totals of the 3 numbers corresponding to the 3 groups of each word having been added up, examine the following table to see if the tenth letter of each of these words corresponds exactly to the total addition, thus :

70 being one of the values of l

The word has been properly transmitted.

If on the contrary the check-letter received does not correspond with the total obtained, refer to PART C (Correction of Errors), pages 3-4.

Table of Check-Letter

CORRECTION OF ERRORS

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If the check letter does not correspond to the total value of the groups of the word it terminates, this word has been wrongly transmitted.

The most frequent error consists in the changing of one letter for another. This error is always easily and quickly adjusted.

It is evident :

1° That in the 2nd word, the translation of the group  tho  has no signification whatever in the phrase ; tho  is therefore the erroneous group.

2° That in the "Check-Letter" Table the nearest values of   f  above or below the total received 103 are 89 and 114.

(1) The special advantage resulting from the new principle of this Code will be readily noticed. Each code-word represents three distinct ideas. Thus when a word is altered in transmission, it is only one of the three ideas which is involved. The others maintain their proper signification and reveal the sense of the mutilated group.

Thus, in the example given, the receiver, who is aware of a theft committed to the detriment of his correspondent, is in no doubt on the receipt of the telegram ; he is assured that the only word which has no signification in the text is "currants".

In codes based on the one-word principle, if one word is mutilated, the whole signification of the message may be lost.

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Method to follow for correcting the Error

Total up the values of the two groups correctly transmitted.

Substract the total obtained from the two values of  f,  89 and 114 (those nearest to 103).

Refer to PART C (pages 15 to 42) in the "Tableaux" 23 and 48 indicated by the above results and look for the groups having only one letter different to the group tho.

The sense of the phrase indicates clearly that it is  bho,  signifying arrest which has been sent (1).

(1) We have intentionally chosen a case giving solutions in two different Tables, but more frequently researches will be localised in the same Table.

The maximum number of solutions possibles is 3 ; but it frequently occurs that these solutions are reduced to 2 (as in the example given above) or even to one only, which cannot fail to be the right one.

Of course if the mutilated code word received is composed of only 4 or 7 letters, the method to follow for correcting the error is the same as explained above.

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Other possible errors

The following cases very rarely arise ; we examine them, nevertheless, and give the manner of correction :

1° Check letter mutilated — It is possible for the Check Letter itself to be mutilated.

In such cases the code word gives an exact and comprehensible translation.

2° Two letters mutilated in the same group. — Proceed in the same manner as indicated for an error of only one letter, but look in the Tables for the groups having two letters different to the mutilated group received.

3° Two letters mutilated in two different groups. — When the sense of the phrase indicates that two groups have no signification in the mutilated word, subtract the value of the only group having a signification from the two totals nearest to the Check Letter.

Proceed afterwards by trials, in dividing over the two other groups the result of the substractions thus effected.

4° Two letters altered in the same group. — It may be happen, but very rarely, that two letters have been transposed in the same group.

In this case the Check Letter does not indicate the error, but the telegram is not comprehensible.

The correction is very simple ; it is only necessary to invert again the letters of the group having no signification, and two solutions are obtained, of which one is bound to be right.

5° Two letters altered, one at the end and the other at the beginning of two consecutive groups. — The Check Letter does not indicate the error. Two groups have no signification. The correction is excessively simple.

Replace the letter terminating the first group by that commencing the second, and vice-versa. Then take the signification of the two newly constructed groups and the result must be correct.

6° Words received composed of 3, 6 or 9 letters.

7° Words received composed of 5, 8 or 11 letters.

In these two cases, the error has arisen during transmission.

After having localised the error in the group composed of 2 or 4 letters, refer to the special Tables, PART C (page 43) showing all the errors that can occur by the false interpretation of the MORSE signals.

kodo Morse

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